Reino histórico de Navarra, España

Reino de Navarra, antiguo reino independiente de España (conocido hasta la última mitad del siglo XII como el Reino de Pamplona, ​​después de su capital y ciudad principal), que, en el momento en que dejó de existir como tal (1512), ocupó el área de la actual provincia de Navarra (aproximadamente 4,000 millas cuadradas [10,390 km cuadrados]) junto con la Tierra de Allién Puertos, en los accesos del norte al paso de Roncesvalles.

Geografía

Esta era una pequeña región entre Labourd y Béarn cuya capital estaba en Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port. En la Edad Media, gran parte de Navarra era de habla vasca. El otro idioma utilizado fue el dialecto navarro-aragonés, que, junto con el francés (después de 1234), era el idioma de la administración. Todo el reino era montañoso, excepto el saliente de Tudela en el sureste, donde las llanuras secas llamadas Las Bardenas proporcionaron una importante región de pastoreo.

Aunque Navarra dejó de tener una frontera con los moros en una fecha relativamente temprana, una considerable población árabe vivió allí, especialmente en Tudela. A los moros navarros se les permitió servir en el ejército y proporcionaron una importante fuente de hábiles artesanos. Grandes aljamas judías (congregaciones) existían en las principales ciudades y estaban protegidas por los reyes navarros cuando la persecución se volvió seria en otros lugares. Otra población importante eran los francos, en su mayoría inmigrantes franceses y gasconos, que habitaban en barrios separados en Pamplona y otras ciudades. Sus relaciones con la población navarra nativa a menudo eran tensas.

Despite its small size in the later Middle Ages, Navarre played a significant role in international politics. Not only were its rulers closely involved in French affairs, the kingdom also controlled the main pass into Spain in the western Pyrenees and was a buffer state between Gascony, Castile, and Aragon. The chief pilgrim roads from the north to Santiago de Compostela thus traversed it. From its earliest days to 1234, after which a succession of French dynasties ruled Navarre, the kingdom’s history fell within a wholly Spanish context and was closely associated with that of Aragon. Afterward strong French political and institutional influences can be detected.

History

Pamplona was Moorish territory after 711, but its Basque rulers achieved some degree of autonomy. In about 798 one of them, Iñigo Arista, established himself as an independent ruler. For a time, Iñigo accepted Frankish suzerainty, and by the time Garcia Iñiguez took power in the late ninth century, this dynasty was strong enough to assume regal titles and to establish diplomatic and family relations with Asturias. Under Sancho Garcés the rulers of Pamplona extended their dominions south of the Ebro, capturing Nájera and much of La Rioja. Under him and his immediate successors Navarre reached the height of its power. By a combination of diplomatic dexterity and military strength, the kingdom survived, relatively unscathed, the peak of the caliphate’s influence in Spain in the 10th century. During the reign of Sancho III Garcés (“the Great”) from about 1000 to 1035, the Navarrese were able to establish a brief hegemony over all Christian Spain. Sancho’s empire was, however, short-lived, and in 1076 Sancho Ramírez of Aragon occupied Pamplona.

The Aragonese ruled Navarre until 1134. It recovered its independence when the Navarrese proclaimed García V (“the Restorer”) as king. An entirely new orientation was given to Navarrese history in 1234 when Sancho VII was succeeded by his nephew, Theobald I, count of Champagne, and a succession of French rulers with important possessions in France ruled the kingdom. They included, at times, the kings of France themselves. Historically the most famous of these French rulers was Charles II (“the Bad”), count of Évreux, under whom Navarre became internationally important because of the king’s involvement in French politics and the spread of the Hundred Years’ War to the kingdoms of the Iberian peninsula. Charles himself had ambitions to recover for his kingdom the territories in Spain which had belonged to Sancho the Great. His cognomen “the Bad” was inspired by the brazen way in which he constantly altered Navarrese foreign policy to meet rapidly changing foreign pressures. Charles managed, however, to retain the loyalty of his subjects and to preserve the independence of Navarre. He did, however, lose all his French possessions except Allién Puertos, and in 1379 he was forced to accept Castilian garrisons in his southern castles.

The reign of Charles III was relatively tranquil, but John II of Aragon became ruler of Navarre by marriage (1425–79), and then the kingdom was torn by years of civil war. The forces of John II fought with those of his son and heir, Charles, prince of Viana, and other factions favouring union with France or with Castile. In 1484 the throne passed to John II of Albret, but independence had now become impossible on account of Navarre’s position between two major and mutually hostile states, France and Spain. In 1512 Ferdinand the Catholic occupied the Spanish portion of Navarre, and in 1515 it was formally annexed to the Castilian crown. The French portion of Navarre, on the northern slope of the western Pyrenees, remained a separate kingdom until 1589, when it was incorporated into France. Spanish Navarre retained its status, institutions, and law as an independent kingdom until the 19th century. As a provincia (province) of Spain, it still preserves its own civil administration and law as a comunidad autónoma (autonomous community).

Administration

In the later Middle Ages Navarre was divided administratively into five merindades: La Ribera (Tudela), Sanguesa, Pamplona (La Montana), Estella, and Allién Puertos. In Allién Puertos, the functions of royal merino (administrative official) were carried out by the castelán of Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port. Under the merinos were the sozmerinos and, in the towns, the bailes. The chief military officer of the kingdom was the alférez. The treasury (cámara de comptos) was partly modeled on the French system under a recibidor general (receiver general) or tesorero (treasurer), with recibidores in each merindad.

The somewhat ambiguous international status of Navarre was reflected in its coinage: apart from local currency, French, Gascon, and Aragonese money circulated freely. The law of the land was based on the Fuero General de Navarra (a body of customary law built up before 1155) but much modified in different localities by local fueros. Efforts by some of Navarre’s French rulers to undermine customary law were strongly and effectively resisted, though feudal grants sometimes appeared. In the 14th century one-sixth of the whole population claimed hidalguía (noble descent) and the tax exemption which went with it. The Corte General of Navarre controlled, in theory, not only extraordinary subsidies (pedidos) but also ordinary taxation. However, since it was the king’s prerogative to decide who should be summoned and when, the Navarrese parliament had little real power and its legislative importance was slight.

Ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Navarre was complicated. The bishops of Dax and Bayonne (in Gascony), Tarazona (Aragon), and Calahorra (Castile) had, or claimed, authority over outlying regions. Shortage of manpower was a constant concern from a military point of view, and the earliest fueros had not contemplated the existence of a formal army at all. Later the defense of the kingdom rested on a large number of small castles. To increase reserves in war, later kings (notably Charles II) enlisted large numbers of foreign knights and their retinues as mesnaderos. These, in return for an annual pension, undertook to serve in Navarre when summoned. Navarrese culture in the late Middle Ages was much influenced by the pilgrim route, and French influences were naturally predominant.